Learn About the Birth Place of William Shakespeare

Its no secret that William Shakespeare was from England, but many of his fans would be hard pressed to name exactly where in the country the writer was born. With this overview, discover where and when the bard was born, and why his birthplace remains a tourist attraction today. Where Was Shakespeare Born? Shakespeare was born in 1564  into a prosperous family in Stratford-upon-Avon in  Warwickshire, England. The town is about 100 miles northwest of London. Although there is no record of his birth, it is presumed that he  was born on April 23 because he was entered into the baptism register of  Holy Trinity Church  shortly after. Shakespeares  father, John, owned a large family house in the town center that is thought to be the bards  birthplace. The public can still visit the very room in which it is believed Shakespeare was born. The house sits on Henley Street - the main road that runs through the middle of this small market town. It is well preserved and is open to the public via the visitor center. Inside, you can see how small the living space was for the young Shakespeare and how the family would have lived, cooked and slept. One room would have been John Shakespeares workroom, where he would have tailored gloves to sell. Shakespeare was expected to take over his fathers business one day himself.   Shakespeare Pilgrimage For centuries, Shakespeare’s birthplace has been a place of pilgrimage for the literary-minded. The tradition started in 1769 when David Garrick, a famous Shakespearean actor, organized the first Shakespeare festival in Stratford-upon-Avon. Since then, the house has been visited by scores of famous writers including: John Keats (1817)Sir Walter Scott (1821)Charles Dickens (1838)Mark Twain (1873)Thomas Hardy (1896) They used diamond rings to scratch their names into the glass window of the birth room. The window has since been replaced, but the original glass panes are still on display. Thousands of people every year continue to follow this tradition and visit Shakespeare’s birthplace, so the house remains one of Stratford-upon-Avon’s busiest attractions. Indeed, the house marks the starting point of the annual parade walked by local officials, celebrities, and community groups each year as part of the Shakespeare Birthday Celebrations. This symbolic walk starts in Henley Street  and ends at Holy Trinity Church, his burial place.  There is no specific recorded date of his death, but the date of the burial indicates  he died April 23. Yes, Shakespeare was born and died on the same day of the year! Participants of the  parade pin a sprig of the herb rosemary to their outfits to commemorate his life. This is a reference to  Ophelias line in Hamlet: Theres rosemary, thats for remembrance. Preserving the Birthplace as a National Memorial When the birthplace’s last private occupant died, money was raised by committee to buy the house at auction and preserve it as a national memorial. The campaign gained momentum when a rumor spread that P. T. Barnum, the American circus owner wanted to buy the house and ship it to New York! The money was raised successfully and the house is in the  hands of the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust. The trust subsequently bought other Shakespeare-related properties in and around Stratford-upon-Avon, including his mothers farm house, his daughters town house and his wifes family home in nearby Shottery. They also own the land where Shakespeares final home in the town once stood. Today, the Shakespeare Birthplace House has been preserved and converted into a museum as part of a larger visitor center complex. It is open to the public all year.

Henry Louis Gates Jr. - 1976 Words

Homa Khugyani Margaret Rustick English 3080 7 February 2016 Henry Louis Gates Jr. Henry Louis Gates Jr. is the Director of the Hutchins Center for African American Research at Harvard University, and an esteemed Alphonse Fletcher University Professor. According to his Harvard University profile he is an â€Å"Emmy Award-winning filmmaker, literary scholar, journalist, cultural critic, institution builder†¦and the recipient of fifty-five honorary degrees and numerous prizes.† Professor Gates was also the first African American scholar to be awarded the National Humanities Medal. In 1973 he earned his Bachelors in English Language and Literature from Yale University, and in 1974-1979 he got his Master’s. and Ph.D. in English Literature from Clare College at the University of Cambridge (Department of African and African American Studies). Throughout many of his texts Gates provides examples of the ambiguity of language and identity, and the oppressive role ideology plays in the black community; allowing readers to apply the id ea of deconstruction to our own daily experiences Gates was born in 1950, and raised in Piedmont, West Virginia, by his father, Henry Louis Sr. and his mother Pauline Coleman Gates. His father worked at the local Westvaco paper mill during the day and worked nights as a janitor for a local telephone company in order to support his family. Gates mother, was a house cleaner and worked hard to raise her sons to live and excel in an integrated world so that theyShow MoreRelatedColored People by Henry Louis Gates Jr.643 Words   |  3 PagesI feel there are many reasons that Henry Louis Gates Jr chose Colored People as the title of his memoir. I think the word Colored in the title was used to group everyone as a whole. The word Colored was also used to self identify different races inside and out of Piedmont. I think he used People to say that everyone matters no matter where you hail from. The word Colored and the word People have two different meanings alone. But put the two together they become a powerful piece to theRead MoreColore d People, by Henry Louis Gates Jr.1745 Words   |  7 Pages One of the most influential and enlightening scholars in contemporary academics who focuses primarily on African-American issues, both from the past and the present, is undoubtedly Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Born in 1950 and raised in the small, middle-class, colored community of Piedmont, West Virginia, Gatess acclaimed 1995 autobiography, Colored People, brings readers to a place and time in America when both the racial boundaries and the definition of progress were changing weekly. ColoredRead MoreThe Classic Salve Narratives By Henry Louis Gates, Jr.1113 Words   |  5 PagesIn the book The Classic Salve Narratives, edited and with an introduction by Henry Louis Gates, JR., contains a slave narrative; Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. This narrative is written by Frederick Douglass, in 1845, who was a former slave but escaped slavery. The narrative describes the horrors and injustices of American slavery, however, some pro-slavery forces might have argued that Douglass simply had the bad luck to have a series of cruel or incompetent owners. But this is notRead MoreThe Black Man s Burden By Henry Louis Gates Jr.1465 Words   |  6 Pages Alice Dunbar-Nelson and Langston Hughes, all luminaries of the New Negro literary movement, have been identified as anywhere from openly gay (Nugent) to sexually ambiguous or mysterious (Hughes). 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After two hundred years of inequality, Martin Luther King, Jr., would provide one of the most vocal positions regarding the lack of equal rights owed to African Americans. In his 1969 Lincoln Memorial speech, King would historically state, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dreamRead MoreEssay On Patrick Henry And His Influence1133 Words   |  5 PagesJerico Overson Mr. Villate Mr. Howard Building America Term 1 October 26, 2017 Patrick Henry and His Influence Patrick Henry was an American lawyer born in the colony of Virginia while it was under Britain’s rule. He is mostly known for his rebellion and his call to action against British rule. Henry’s call to action was through a speech known as â€Å"Give me liberty, or give me death!† This speech was an inspiring to many people throughout Early America and it was vital in convincing the conventionRead MoreHate Speech769 Words   |  4 Pagesread are against regulating hate speech. They are: Paul McMaster author of Free Speech Versus Civil Discourse (173), author Susan Gellman, wrote Sticks and Stones Can Put You in Jail, But Can Words Increase Your Sentence? (176), and also Henry Louis Gates Jr., author of Lat Them Talk (182). McMaster believes fully in the right of the first amendment and that it should not be gone against. He believes that if hate speech is regulated then the first amendment is violated. I do agree with McMasterRead More The Immigrants of Amer ica Essay1628 Words   |  7 Pagesterrorists. In fact, to become citizen of the United States, immigrants must also be willing to serve America and fight against their former country if they are asked to (dummies.com). In a television series on PBS called Faces of America, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. interviewed the Japanese-American figure skater and Olympic gold medalist Kristi Yamaguchi about her family’s loyalty to America. Yamaguchi described how her grandfather was continued to fight for America against the Japan while the rest of

Chemical Stress Testing Free Essays

Latasha Birge March 21st, 2013 MC 205 Week 4 Instructor Rein Chemical Stress Testing A chemical stress test is used when a traditional stress test (called a cardiac stress test) cannot be done. A cardiac stress test requires you to walk on a treadmill or ride a stationary bicycle until your heart rate reaches a level where your heart is â€Å"stressed†. You may not be able to participate in this kind of test if you have a condition such as a stroke. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemical Stress Testing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this case, a chemical stress test is used. This test is used to help your doctor determine if you have any kind of heart condition causing the chest pain, if arteries to the heart have blockage or narrowing, identify an irregular heart rhythm, monitor the heart’s response to treatment or procedures, and plan rehabilitation after a heart attack. A stress test is a clinical standard often used to detect coronary artery disease. The imaging portion of the test is identical to that used during stress echocardiography or isotope stress testing and is performed either in a cardiologist office, a satellite lab or the hospital. An intravenous line is started in the arm, the blood pressure is checked and an EKG recorded. Common medications used for a chemical stress test include dipyridamole, dobutamine, and adenosine. Medication is supplied until 85 percent of your age-predicted maximum heart rate has been reached. In the initial phases of exercise in the upright position, cardiac output is increased by an augmentation in stroke volume meditated through the use of the Frank-Starling Mechanism and heart rate. Treadmill stress testing is the test of choice when a patient is able to exercise because of the physiologic effect that exercise has on the blood pressure and heart rate. It also helps give the physician an idea about the patient’s exercise tolerance and whether or not the exertion has any adverse effects on the patient’s symptoms or irregular heartbeats. The treadmill test involves walking on the treadmill at a predetermined intensity based off of your fitness level. Every three minutes the speed will be increased. This continues until you reach 85 percent of the age predicted maximal heart rate. References www. thirdage. comchemical-sress-test www. livestrong. com www. heartsite. com How to cite Chemical Stress Testing, Essay examples Chemical Stress Testing Free Essays Latasha Birge March 21st, 2013 MC 205 Week 4 Instructor Rein Chemical Stress Testing A chemical stress test is used when a traditional stress test (called a cardiac stress test) cannot be done. A cardiac stress test requires you to walk on a treadmill or ride a stationary bicycle until your heart rate reaches a level where your heart is â€Å"stressed†. You may not be able to participate in this kind of test if you have a condition such as a stroke. We will write a custom essay sample on Chemical Stress Testing or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this case, a chemical stress test is used. This test is used to help your doctor determine if you have any kind of heart condition causing the chest pain, if arteries to the heart have blockage or narrowing, identify an irregular heart rhythm, monitor the heart’s response to treatment or procedures, and plan rehabilitation after a heart attack. A stress test is a clinical standard often used to detect coronary artery disease. The imaging portion of the test is identical to that used during stress echocardiography or isotope stress testing and is performed either in a cardiologist office, a satellite lab or the hospital. An intravenous line is started in the arm, the blood pressure is checked and an EKG recorded. Common medications used for a chemical stress test include dipyridamole, dobutamine, and adenosine. Medication is supplied until 85 percent of your age-predicted maximum heart rate has been reached. In the initial phases of exercise in the upright position, cardiac output is increased by an augmentation in stroke volume meditated through the use of the Frank-Starling Mechanism and heart rate. Treadmill stress testing is the test of choice when a patient is able to exercise because of the physiologic effect that exercise has on the blood pressure and heart rate. It also helps give the physician an idea about the patient’s exercise tolerance and whether or not the exertion has any adverse effects on the patient’s symptoms or irregular heartbeats. The treadmill test involves walking on the treadmill at a predetermined intensity based off of your fitness level. Every three minutes the speed will be increased. This continues until you reach 85 percent of the age predicted maximal heart rate. References www. thirdage. comchemical-sress-test www. livestrong. com www. heartsite. com How to cite Chemical Stress Testing, Papers

How To Rent A Car @Australia

Question: Prepare a marketing plan should contain the entire business start up rquired for the ENTERPRISE RENT A CAR in Brisbane Australia. Answer: AIM The aim of this academic paper is to develop a marketing plan for Enterprise- Rent a Car, a car rent firm that emphasizes on business to customers, short-term rentals, business to business, which is less than one year. This marketing plan will exclude the rent of commercial vehicles like trucks and vans and will consider only the cars. The marketing plan will focus on the identifying the target audience, segmentation, targeting and positioning, marketing mix, and present situational analysis and will also determine the marketing budget. SCOPE This report gives an extensive marketing plan for Enterprise- Rent a Car in Brisbane, Australia: It details the micro environment analysis of the organization using the SWOT tool It also offers the details of marketing mix analysing the 7Ps of marketing; product, price, promotion, place, People, Physical attributes and Process The report details the segmentation, targeting and positioning strategies of the organization It also provides the marketing budget for the organization COMPANY BACKGROUND Enterprise-Rent a Car was founded by Jack Taylor in 1957. It is one of the privately owned businesses that emphasizes on effective communication and best quality customer service. The philosophy of the enterprise is to take care of their employees and customers who would help them to increase their profit. Enterprise-rent a Car is a multinational organization with around 8200 rental offices on 7 different countries like Spain, France, Germany, Ireland, Canada and United States. This organization manages all its branches in a decentralized way where all the decisions are individually taken by the managers to meet the needs of the customers. The Enterprise is located in 370 locations covering over 90% of the UK and branches are located in every 10miles. It mainly offers car at a rent for both business and private use and also provides replacement vehicles in case of any accident. CURRENT SITUATION ANALYSIS Internal Analysis Mission: The main strategy of the Enterprise is to meet the mission of Jack Taylor Take care of your customers and employees first, and profits will follow. The main elements of the business are promotion, motivation and long term loyalty. The key element of the Enterprise-Rent a Car business is to develop long-term relationship with their potential customers by delivering the best service. Offering: The main product of the Enterprise- rent a car is to give car on short term rental basis for both business and personal use. They also help their customers by providing replacement vehicles in case of accidents. Further, motivation is the key of the business that helps the employees to deliver the best customer service and also support personal growth by providing incentives, achievement and efforts. The main objective of the business is to develop new opportunities and also open up new branches for present employees. External Analysis Political/Legal: Australia is the most significant MNC market in the Asia-Pacific region. The growing economy of Australia has stable business and political environment with multi-lingual and educated workforce. These factors make Brisbane, Australia as one of the sophisticated market and also enable, Enterprise to drive technology and innovation in the organization. However, it is to be noted that the state regulation towards the public transport sector have various limitations which might have negative impact on the industry. Further, consumers might get frustrated with the high taxes around 18% and 20% near branch and airport locations respectively. Social: The ageing population, especially the baby boomers are entering their retirement age, have a great impact on the business, as they might prefer having the rental car system while visiting the places, for maintaining easy mobility. Since people are getting busy and are tome-poor, so they are looking for time efficient way in the city to avoid delay. This business would help these people to reach the places earlier as they want. However, the consumer tend is changing. They have different tastes on vehicles for different purposes. They prefer different models and makes for different purpose like for business, hanging around with family, hanging around with friends etc. Economical: The confidences of the consumers are decreasing due to the economic downturn where people are looking for the savings in their day to day life. Thus they do not prefer to buy their own cars. This business would help to those people who do not have enough money their own cars. However, the increase in the petrol prices might let the buyers for not renting the cars instead they would prefer trains or buses. Further, if both the families are working, then the average disposal income would easily help them to buy their own cars. Thus increase in the people buying own private cars have a negative impact on the business. Further, the economies of scale, strategic alliances and mergers, excess capacity also have impact on the business. Technological: Latest technologies would help lead innovation, improve quality and also reduce cost. Rapid development in the computer technologies and communication would help the business to rent new eco-friendly cars that would help the people to protect the environment. Technological factors like plant efficiency, safety and e-commerce would help people to make the rental process more easy and convenient. This would help to attract the market highly. Environmental: The environment factors mainly involve the climate and the weather change. The temperature changes have a strong impact on the company. However, the rising demand for protecting the environment has a strong impact on the organization for example, renting hybrid cars, electric cars etc this would also help to develop business opportunities and also demand patterns. MARKET ANALYSIS Over the past few years, the Car rental industry has been rebounding strongly from the serious impact of global financial crisis. The sentiments of the consumers and the confidence of the business have been affected due to the financial crisis, reducing the demand of rental cars and vehicle leasing. Due to improve in the economic condition, the demand of the tourists for the domestic holidays, novated vehicle leasing has influenced the business. In the year 2005, the growth of car-rental market in US have approximately raised to 7% and in the year 2010, the growth valued to $25.7billion which was approximately increase by 6%. This shows that the rental car industry is facing a slow growth rate. There are various factors that drive the car-rental businesss competitive position in the market. Not only the pricing factors are playing role in the competitive market but also the long-term profitability and the value system is also playing a vital role in the business. Additionally, there are many organizations which are shifting their business focus from airline operations to the car-rental operations (Busse Swinkels, 2012). However, the threat of new entrants is low as the market share of the car-rent business has increased. Further, the substitutes to the car-rental industry are many like the private cars, other transportations like train and buses due to high petrol prices etc. It is to be noted that suppliers in this industry do not have important significance in supplying the cars. Thus the supplier power is low. Further, the buying power of the buyers is low, as the rental car agents already fix their sales prices lower according to the customer needs. Source: Made By Author The major competitors of the Enterprise- Rent a Car are Vanguard Car Rental USA, Hertz Corporation and Cendant Corporation. The major competitors of the industry in United States are the Avis Group Holdings Inc, which is the subsidiary of Cendant Corporation. However, in the year 2005, due to fierce competition, the leasing revenues of Cendant have been negatively impacted the organization, the Hertz became the global leader in US. Since, Enterprise- Rent a Car, would like to expand in Brisbane, Australia, it is to be noted that the rental industry in Australia is highly competitive. The rental vehicle sector comprises of atleast 1800 businesses that offers similar product in the market. SWOT ANALYSIS Strength: Strong brand: The Enterprise Rent-A-Car is one of the largest growing car rental organizations in United States. The company focuses on providing the customers with the replacement vehicle or cars during specific occasion. Since the inception of the organization, the organization is growing highly. In the year 1970 the rental units had hit to 5000 and then slowly the organization began offering insurance products, maintenance and fuel. It also started expanding its operation in Canada, UK etc. High Growth: Presently it operates around 713000 vehicles with more than 120 models and different makes. It has around 7000 rental offices and 230 operate near airport location of Ireland, Germany, UK, Canada and United States. The annual growth of the organization has risen from $9.04 billion to $13.1billion. Weakness: Capital Intensive Operation: This Car rental operation is one of the most capital intensive business as it require large amount expensive equipments, buy all type of different model cars according to the taste of the customers to meet their demand. Further it would also require high labor thus labor cost also gets added to the expense. No one-way rental facility: In various domestic branches, the one-way car rentals are not permitted and this eliminates the opportunity of niche group. High Maintenance Cost: The cars need high maintenance cost. Opportunity: Growing Demand: Consumers are demanding the rental vehicles for various purposes. The demand of the rental vehicles has a strong impact on pricing flexibility and also rental vehicles cost which has a strong impact in attracting the tourists and also increases the performance of the states. It is forecasted that the global industry is likely to increase to $67.6 billion 2017 with around 3.5% around 5 years (Researchandmarkets.com, 2012). Use of latest technologies: Increasing concern towards the environment have increased the concern towards the utilizing the technologies. Adopting eco-friendly strategy would help to business to solve the environmental issues. Technologies like GPS tracking facility, E-Commerce sites would help the customers to make the rental process easily (Pretty, n.d.). Threat: Rise in fuel prices: Consumers are watching fluctuation in the prices of flue. This has a significant affect on the competition, supply and demand in the industry (Caltex.com, 2015). Intense Competition: The industry is facing huge competition with around 1800 business in Australia. Enterprise Rent-A-Car has to fight with both global and domestic service companies in this industry. SEGMENTATION Brisbane is one of the most premier shopping center in Australia. It is a multi-cultural hub with around 2.2million population. It has the largest growth rate population in Australia. The accommodation in Brisbane is affordable due to less inner city population compared to Melbourne and Sydney (Studybrisbane.com.au, 2015). Based on this analysis, three different segments can be chosen for the Enterprise Rent- A-Car. The three Segments include: Local Customers (The residents of Brisbane city) Business Executives Tourists (Couples and families with their children) Local Customer is the small segment that would help to produce only 10% revenue. They might utilize the vehicle as a temporary car. The residential drives of age 25-45 would be rented with the cars. They generally demand low price for hiring car may be for the sake of status or maintain relationship. This helps the organization to spread WOM, as they might recommend the organization to the family and friends. Secondly, the Business Category, where especially the Corporate Contracts or the Executives will be targeted of age 30-45 old which would generate 20% of the revenue. Targeting this segment would help for Buzz marketing as they might provide reference that would help the organization for future contracts. Generally companies looking for car rental for official purposes, this would help to develop corporate contracts. Thirdly, the tourist people from different countries would visit Brisbane or Australia for their entertainment and fun. Sometimes couples, especially the honeymoon travelers might visit the place. This is the major segment that the organization would be focusing on. It would deliver around 70% of revenue to the organization. They would be offered with the best service that would help to create loyalty. If the couples are highly satisfied with the service then they might later on come with their families. TARGET MARKET There are three different types of targeting strategies that the Enterprise Rent-A-Car can focus on. This includes the differentiated, concentrated or the undifferentiated targeting strategies. The differentiated targeting strategy mainly focuses on offering various products with different marketing mixes, the concentrated targeting strategy focuses on providing a single product to a single market segment, that is the niche marketing and the undifferentiated strategy in which the fir produces single product with single marketing mix (Pride Ferrell, 2014). Analyzing the different segments, it is recommended that the Enterprise Rent-A-Car can utilize the differentiated targeting strategy. Providing different product choices to different segment would help t provide customized products to the customers. This would help to increase satisfaction level of the consumer group. Through this targeting strategy, the organization can also remain competitive in the market also specialize in providing different cars. However, one thing that the organization must focus on is that this targeting strategy would require higher marketing cost, inventory cost and also production cost. POSITIONING The positioning strategy of the Enterprise- Rent-A-Car will be differentiate the firm from its major competitors by utilizing intrinsic competitive advantages by being international brand. The firm has the choice for partnering with the most international airline brands and also hotel for creating package. Further, the Enterprise can also use the bundle selling there they can offer several products with a single product. The firm can also use the online platform for marketing their product and services. Further, the organization differentiates itself by motivating the employees to offer the best services to its potential customers (Lovelock, 2008). To retain this, the organization must ensure that the personnel are respectful, friendly and courteous to the customers. They must serve the customers with accuracy and consistency. Since effective communication is the key to success of the organization, this helps the personnel to understand the customers easily, respond to the issues of the customers and solve them easily. The figure below shows the perpetual mapping measuring the position of the brand with the price and service (Morritt, 2007): Source: Made By Author OBJECTIVES The objective of this present marketing plan is to raise the market share of the Enterprise Rent-A-Car by 10% within next 3years. To meet this goals the organization would focus on marketing penetration strategy. The success factors for this are the web site, customer service, the reliable cars, customer service, competitive price and location. Through the external audit and competitive analysis would help the organization to compare the CFSs with the others in the car rental market. Further, the SWOT analysis would help the firm to perform effectively in the market by identifying the threats and opportunities. To increase the market share of the organization, the firm would focus on adding new vehicles from March 2014. There is a need of 15% increase in the promotional expenditure to make the target market aware of the services. The collection of new model would help the organization to generate approx 20% increase in its market share by targeting the customers from age 25-25 as a whole. It is expected that the generated revenue will help to increase the sales by 20% by the mid of FY-2015. Next objective is to increase the customer satisfaction level. Surveys will be conducted from the consumers to understand the demand of the customers and their awareness about the organization and also the service. Even the surveys will be conducted from the existing customers of Enterprise Rent- A-Car which would help the organization to understand the satisfaction level. The collection of vehicles will give the consumers with new entertainment experiences. The extra services and amenities will raise the satisfaction level and also the loyalty of the customers. MARKETING STRATEGIES PRODUCT Enterprise Rent-A-Car has been offering wide range of car rental services in Brisbane, Australia. The company offers SUVs and other cars for satisfying the need f the customers. There are major three types of car services and the customers can choose anyone from the Green, Fun and Prestige collection. The organization focuses on providing convenience as well as comfort to its clients. The products of the organization have been designed for satisfying the personal preference to the customers (Stremersch and Tellis, 2002). It has been found that the car rental industry of Brisbane is significantly competitive due to presence of large number of market rivals. Hence, Enterprise Rent-A-Car has emphasized on offering similar products to the target market with a personalized service. Assistance will be provided to the customers in case of roadside accidents and troubles. Technicians will reach the customers if any issues take place during the drive. The superior service of the firm will hel p in differentiating the product from its competitors. Thus the company will be able to achieve competitive advantage (Helm and Gritsch, 2014). PRICE Price is a major component for ensuring success of a product. There is various pricing strategy for the organizations. The pricing strategy needs to be chosen on by analyzing the nature of industry, competition, start up cost of the company, future plans etc (Maglaras and Meissner, 2006). It has been found that the car rental industry is extensively competitive. In order to compete with the potential market rivals Enterprise Rent A Car needs to adopt an appropriate pricing strategy(Prasad, Venkatesh and Mahajan, 2014). In order to enter the market and gain significant market share, penetration pricing strategy will be effective (Schade and Schlag, 2003). The price of the products must be similar as its competitor. It may seem to be difficult or the company to offer same price as its competitors because the existing market rivals have achieved economies of scale. However, the low price can be compensated trough greater volume of sales (Spann, Fischer and Tellis, 2014). Later, the comp any can adopt competitive pricing strategy once they achieve economies of scale. The customer must feel that they are getting value for money (Sheehan, 2011). PROMOTION The promotional activities of business are the major factor which will be responsible for communicating about the major products and offers of the organization(Delre et al., 2007). Promotional activities help in communicating with the target market so that they can get to know about the company, products and price. Broad range of promotional activities will be adopted by Enterprise Rent-A-Car. First of all, marketing brochures will be published and sent to various business houses and organizations. The business organizations frequently need to hire cars. Hence, they can be easily converted into the clients of Enterprise Rent-A-Car. Individual promotional mils need to be sent to the target market to communicate regarding the product and superior service offered by the company. Postcards can be sent via mail in order to enhance communication with the target market (Helm and Gritsch, 2014). Advertising is an effective promotional tool and will be adopted for Enterprise Rent-A-Car. Radio advertisement of 30 seconds will be broadcasted in the popular channels. 100 advertisements will be broadcasted between 6 am to 6 pm and 50 advertisements will be broadcasted on air between 6 pm to 6 am. Newspaper advertisement is also an effective medium for reaching the target market. Advertisements will be published in Courier mail from Monday to Saturday on 10 Sundays advertisement will be published on U on Sunday. Lifestyle magazines will be chosen for publishing advertisements. Two types of Billboards will be considered in the prime locations of the Brisbane city for 4 weeks to publish the advertisements. Internet advertisements are found to be very effective. Google Adwords will helps in searching the name of the company on internet (Delre et al., 2007). Public relations are also an effective mechanism of promotional activities. Enterprise Rent-A-Car can organize two charitable events in the first year of operation. It will engage significant number of people. Additionally, employee promotions will be undertaken. Sponsorships to the local events will be effective (Sheehan, 2011). PLACE Place is also an important aspect of marketing mix. It is important to ensure that the customers can easily access the service at any time. The distribution of the service needs to be in a prominent location so that the target market can approach it easily. First of all, the customers can come to the city office in Brisbane for availing the service. The location of the office must have a good connectivity. Additionally, they can be contacted though telephone and e-mail for booking cars. Moreover, the customers must be offered to do online booking. Hence, an e-platform must be established in order to interact with the customers(Winer, 2004). The present trend has depicted that online booking has been increasing over the time and becoming very popular among the business people and travelers. Online booking of a car is hassle free as well as fast(Azadi and Rahimzadeh, 2012). Hence, it will be easier for the customers to hire cars online as it could be done from anywhere, anytime. PEOPLE The people refer to the individuals who are indirectly or directly involved with the services like the customers and the employees. Like the customers of this services involve, the local visitors, the business executive and the tourists. Employees act as the service providers who are mainly involved in the real time services (Brassington Pettitt, 2005). PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES The physical evidence mainly refers to the service environment in which the interaction between the customer and the seller is conducted. The physical evidence here includes the condition of the cars, the equipments used to maintain the cars, the business cards used, presence of internet, credit or debit cards (Lovelock, 2010). PROCESS Process mainly refers the flow of activities, mechanisms, procedures that will help to deliver the service effectively. Since the services are the actions or performances for the customers, the Enterprise Rent- A-Car would involve series of activities and steps like membership for the loyal customers, would try to implement one-way rental etc. The implementation of E-commerce site and mobile application process would also help the customers to book the vehicle anytime (Awara Anyadighibe, 2014). Marketing Budget Particulars Estimated Quantity Estimated Cost per Unit Estimated Total Cost Research Research Firm Fees 2 $1,500.00 $ 3,000.00 Independent Research 3 $300.00 $ 900.00 Online Research 1 $900.00 $ 900.00 Total Cost of Research $ 4,800.00 Networking Activities Memberships 30 $30.00 $ 900.00 Total Cost of Networking $900.00 Promotions Product giveaways 100 $ 6.00 $ 600.00 Discounts 100 $50.00 $5,000.00 Seasonal Special Offers 30 $100.00 $ 3,000.00 Total Cost of Promotional Activities $8,600.00 Advertising Brochures 100 $0.15 $15.00 Mailings 1000 $ 3.40 $ 3,400.00 Postcards 2000 $0.70 $1,400.00 Internet Advertisements (Google Ad words) 3000 $0.40 $1,200.00 Radio Advertisements (6 am to 6 pm) 30 sec 100 $180.00 $18,000.00 Radio Advertisements (6 pm to 6 am) 30 sec 50 $140.00 $7,000.00 Newspaper Advertisements (Courier Mail) Mon - Fri (1/4 th page) 5 $ 4,579.00 $22,895.00 Newspaper Advertisements (Courier Mail) Sat (1/4 th page) 8 $ 5,712.00 $45,696.00 U on Sunday 10 $ 6,567.00 $ 65,670.00 Magazine Advertisements (Quarter Page) 4 $ 4,675.00 $18,700.00 Magazine Advertisements (Half Page) 2 $12,000.00 $24,000.00 Magazine Advertisements (Third Page) 1 $ 6,650.00 $6,650.00 Billboards (Size 3.00 X 3.00 m) 4 $ 1,050.00 $4,200.00 Billboards (Size 3.00 X 6.00 m) 5 $1,750.00 $8,750.00 Total Cost of Advertising $227,576.00 Public Relations Charitable Events 2 $8,000.00 $ 16,000.00 Employee Promotions 3 $10,500.00 $31,500.00 Advertising 5 $ 14,525.00 $72,625.00 Sponsorships 4 $ 7,500.00 $30,000.00 Total Cost of Public Relations $150,125.00 Sales and Marketing Executives Salary 2 $ 40,000.00 $80,000.00 Incentives 2 $ 14,000.00 $28,000.00 Total Cost of Sales and Marketing Executives $108,000.00 Total Marketing Cost $ 500,001.00 REFERENCES Awara, N., Anyadighibe, J. (2014). An Appraisal of Strategies and Challenges of Services Marketing in a Globalized Business Environment. International Journal Of Managerial Studies And Research, 2(9), 32-38. Azadi, S. and Rahimzadeh, E. (2012). Developing Marketing Strategy for Electronic Business by Using McCarthy's Four Marketing Mix Model and Porters Five Competitive Forces.emaj, 2(2). Brassington, F., Pettitt, S. (2005). Essentials of marketing. Harlow, England: Prentice Hall Financial Times, an imprint of Pearson Education. Busse, M., Swinkels, J. (2012). Enterprise Rent-A-Car. [Evanston, IL]: Kellogg School of Management. Caltex.com,. (2015). Determining Fuel Prices - Understand Why Fuel Prices Fluctuate- Caltex. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Delre, S., Jager, W., Bijmolt, T. and Janssen, M. (2007). Targeting and timing promotional activities: An agent-based model for the takeoff of new products.Journal of Business Research, 60(8), pp.826-835. Helm, R. and Gritsch, S. (2014). Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets.International Business Review, 23(2), pp.418-428. Lovelock, C. (2008). Services marketing People, Technology, Strategy (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Lovelock, C. (2010). Services marketing (5th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall. Maglaras, C. and Meissner, J. (2006). Dynamic Pricing Strategies for Multiproduct Revenue Management Problems.Manufacturing Service Operations Management, 8(2), pp.136-148. Morritt, R. (2007). Segmentation strategies for hospitality managers. New York: Haworth Press. Prasad, A., Venkatesh, R. and Mahajan, V. (2014). Product bundling or reserved product pricing? Price discrimination with myopic and strategic consumers.International Journal of Research in Marketing. Pretty, T. New Technologies Being Utilised In The Car Hire Industry. Streetdirectory.com. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Pride, W., Ferrell, O. (2014). Foundations of Marketing (6th ed., pp. 117-120). Cengage Learning. Researchandmarkets.com,. (2012). Global Car Rental Industry 2012-2017: Trend, Profit, and Forecast Analysis. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Schade, J. and Schlag, B. (2003). Acceptability of urban transport pricing strategies.Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 6(1), pp.45-61. Sheehan, B. (2011).Marketing management. Lausanne, Switzerland: AVA Pub. Spann, M., Fischer, M. and Tellis, G. (2014). Skimming or Penetration? Strategic Dynamic Pricing for New Products.Marketing Science, p.150102090139005. Stremersch, S. and Tellis, G. (2002). Strategic Bundling of Products and Prices: A New Synthesis for Marketing.Journal of Marketing, 66(1), pp.55-72. Studybrisbane.com.au,. (2015). Facts and Figures. Retrieved 17 January 2015. Winer, R. (2004).Marketing management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Ways to Prevent Air Pollution Essay Example

Ways to Prevent Air Pollution Paper How Trees Prevent Air Pollution Many cities are notorious for their dangerously high levels of air pollution and the resulting health issues, such as asthma and emphysema. Summer heat and vehicle emissions are just a few of the contributing factors that increase air pollution levels. However, healthy trees planted effectively along roads, buildings and in parking lots can decrease overall air pollution levels for city residents. Trees can remove both gaseous air pollutants and particulate matter. Gaseous air pollution enters a tree through leaf stomata and is either held in intracellular cavities or processed into usable nutrients. According to David Knacks report, The Effects of Urban Trees on Air Quality for the USDA Forest Service, particulate matter usually collects on the surface of trees. The particulates often enter the ground by either being washed off the tree by precipitation or falling to the ground with leaves and twigs. Larger trees tend to be much more effective, by approximately 70%, at removing air pollutants than smaller trees. Over the course of one year, trees removed an estimated 1,821 metric tons of air pollution in New York City. Trees reduce rounding air temperature and create their own micrometers through transpiration and the effects of tree canopies. Tree canopies not only provide shade but they also reduce solar radiation absorption and provide heat storage. The larger the tree canopy, the greater the reduction of surrounding air temperature. Decreasing air temperature is effective in reducing air pollution because many of the chemicals that create pollution are temperature dependent. Shade from trees planted In parking lots can create small reductions, 1 to 2%, of the levels of harmful emissions produced from AR ignitions. We will write a custom essay sample on Ways to Prevent Air Pollution specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Ways to Prevent Air Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Ways to Prevent Air Pollution specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Trees can keep buildings cooler in the summer and more insulated in winter. By blocking solar radiation and creating a cooler micrometers, trees offer buildings protection from summer heat. During winter, trees can provide effective wind breaks and block drafts from entering structures. This lowers the amount of energy used to heat or cool the building and reduces the air pollution created in the production of energy. For trees to be the most effective in improving air quality they need to be placed in appropriate locations. According to Francisco Scooped in his article, Urban Forests in Florida: Do they reduce air pollution? on the University of Florida BIAS Extension website, scattered trees are less effective in reducing air pollution. Stands of trees or dense evergreens provide more effective removal of particulate matter and protection from solar radiation than scattered deciduous trees. Trees surrounding buildings should be placed in areas that provide protection from solar radiation in summer and block winter wind. The types of trees used are as important as their placement. Healthy, hardy and long lived trees are the best choice. Avoiding trees that quire frequent maintenance will lower the amount of pollution emitted by fossil-fueled machines like chainsaws, leaf blowers and wood chippers. Knacks studies revealed that mulberry, cherry, linden and honeysuckle trees were especially effective in reducing ozone levels. Trees help to settle out, trap and hold particle pollutants (dust, ash, pollen and smoke) that can damage human lungs. Trees absorb CA and other dangerous gases and, in turn, replenish the atmosphere with oxygen. Trees produce enough oxygen on each acre for 18 people every day. Trees absorb enough CA on each acre, ever a years time, to equal the amount you produce when you drive your car 26,000 miles. Trees remove gaseous pollutants by absorbing them through the pores in the leaf surface. Particulates are trapped and filtered by leaves, stems and twigs, and washed to the ground by rainfall. Air pollutants injure trees by damaging their foliage and impairing the process of photosynthesis (food making). They also weaken trees making them more susceptible to other health problems such as insects and diseases. The loss of trees in our urban areas not only intensifies the urban heat-island effect from loss of hade and evaporation, but we lose a principal absorber of carbon dioxide and trapper of other air pollutants as well. Some of the major air pollutants and their primary sources are: Carbon dioxide: Burning oil, coal, natural gas for energy. Decay and burning of tropical forests. Sulfur dioxide: Burning coal to generate electricity. Hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrachloride: Aluminum and phosphate fertilizer production, oil refineries, and steel manufacturing. Ozone: Chemical reactions of sunlight on automobile exhaust gases. Ozone is a major pollutant in smog. Methane: Burning fossil fuels, livestock waste, landfills and rice production. Nitrous oxides: Burning fossil fuels and automobile exhausts. Chlorofluorocarbons: Air conditioners, refrigerators, industrial foam. The burning of fossil fuels for energy and large scale forest fires such as in the tropics are major contributors to the buildup of CA in the atmosphere. Managing and protecting forests and planting new trees reduces CA levels by storing carbon in their roots and trunk and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere. Trees help to settle out, trap and hold particle Laotians (dust, ash, pollen and smoke) that can damage human lungs. Trees absorb CA and other dangerous gases and, in turn, replenish the atmosphere with oxygen. Trees produce enough oxygen on each acre for 18 people every day. Trees absorb enough CA on each acre, over a years time, to equal the amount you produce when you drive your car 26,000 miles. Trees remove gaseous pollutants by absorbing them through the pores in the leaf surface. Particulates are trapped and filtered by leaves, stems and twigs, and washed to the ground by rainfall. Air pollutants injure trees by damaging heir foliage and impairing the process of photosynthesis (food making). They also weaken trees making them more susceptible to other health problems such as insects and diseases. The loss of trees in our urban areas not only intensifies the urban heat-island effect from loss of shade and evaporation, but we lose a principal absorber of carbon dioxide and trapper of other air pollutants as well. Some Of the major air pollutants and their primary sources are: Carbon dioxide: Burning Oil, coal, natural gas for energy. Decay and burning of tropical forests. Sulfur dioxide: Burning coal to generate electricity. Hydrogen fluoride and silicon tetrachloride: Aluminum and phosphate fertilizer production, oil refineries, and steel manufacturing. Ozone: Chemical reactions of sunlight on automobile exhaust gases. Ozone is a major pollutant in smog. Methane: Burning fossil fuels, livestock waste, landfills and rice production. Nitrous oxides: Burning fossil fuels and automobile exhausts. Chlorofluorocarbons: Air conditioners, refrigerators, industrial foam. The burning of fossil fuels for energy and large scale forest fires such as in the ropier are major contributors to the buildup of CA in the atmosphere. Managing and protecting forests and planting new trees reduces CA levels by storing carbon in their roots and trunk and releasing oxygen into the atmosphere. Trees and other vegetation must use what is in their environment. So it is not surprising to find that they absorb pollutants (natural or man made) which may be absorbed successfully or may cause the vegetation to die. Vegetation plays an unexpectedly large role in cleansing the atmosphere, a new study finds. The research, led by scientists at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Cool. , uses observations, gene expression studies, and Computer modeling to show that deciduous plants absorb about a third more of a common class of air-polluting chemicals than previously thought. The ways that trees can help to clean the air should not be overlooked. Trees are an important, cost-effective solution to reducing pollution and improving air quality. Trees help to lower air temperatures and the urban heat island affect. This reduction of temperature not only lowers energy use, it also improves air quality, as the formation of zone is dependent on temperature. Trees also reduce pollution by actively removing it from the atmosphere. Leaf stomata, the pores on the leaf surface, take in polluting gases which are then absorbed by water inside the leaf. Some species of trees are more susceptible to the uptake of pollution, which could negatively affect plant growth. Ideally, trees should be selected that take in higher quantities of polluting gases and are resistant to the negative affects they can causes study across the Chicago region determined that trees removed approximately 17 tons of carbon monoxide (CO), 93 tons of lawful dioxide (ASS), 98 tons of nitrogen dioxide (NON), and 210 tons of ozone in 1 991. The new study, results of which are being published this week in Science Express, was conducted with co-authors from the University of Northern Colorado and the University of Arizona. Plants clean our air to a greater extent than we had realized, says NCAR scientist Thomas Karl, the lead author. They actively consume certain types of air pollution. The research team focused on a class of chemicals known as oxygenated volatile organic compounds (Voss), which can have long-term impacts on the environment and human health. The team has made significant progress in understanding the complex interactions between plants and the atmosphere, says Anne-Marie Schmeltzer of Ann.s Division of Atmospheric and Space Sciences. The compounds form in abundance in the atmosphere from hydrocarbons and other chemicals that are emitted from both natural sourcesincluding plants?and sources related to human activities, including vehicles and construction materials. Eventually, some Voss may evolve into tiny airborne particles, known as aerosols, that have important effects on clouds and human health-By measuring VOCE levels in a number of ecosystems in the United States and other countries, the researchers determined that deciduous plants appear to be taking up the compounds at an unexpectedly fast rateas much as four times more rapidly than previously thought. The uptake was especially rapid in dense forests and most evident near the tops of forest canopies, which accounted for as much as 97 percent of the VOCE uptake that was observed. The scientists moved their research into their laboratories and focused on poplar trees. The species offered a significant advantage in that its genome has been sequenced. The team found that when the study trees were under stress, either because of a physical wound or because of exposure to an irritant such as ozone pollution, they began sharply increasing their uptake of Voss. At the same time, changes took place in expression levels Of certain genes that indicated heightened metabolic activity in the poplars. The uptake of Voss, the scientists concluded, appeared to be part of a larger metabolic cycle. Len order to metabolize these chemicals, the plants start increasing the levels of enzymes that transform the chemicals into less toxic substances. At the same time, as it turns out, the plant draws down more Voss, which can be metabolize by the enzymes. Our results show that plants can actually adjust their metabolism and increase their uptake of atmospheric chemicals as a response to various types of stress, says Channel Bass of the University of Northern Colorado, a co-author. This complex metabolic process within plants has the side effect of cleansing our atmosphere. Once they understood the extent to which plants absorb Voss, the research team fed he information into a computer model that simulates chemicals in the atmosphere worldwide. The results indicated that, on a global level, plants are taking in 36 percent more Voss than had previously been accounted for in studies of atmospheric constitutionalitys, since plants are directly removing the Voss, fewer of the compounds are evolving into aerosols. A poet (Joyce Killer) once said: l think that shall never see A poem lovely as a tree.

Free Essays on Charles Chestnutt

â€Å"Without struggle, there is no progress†. In 1899, Charles Chesnutt was commissioned by Small Maynard and Company to write a biography of Frederick Douglass to be included in the famous Beacon Series. The Beacon Biographies contained volumes on eminent Americans such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. Chesnutt was the first African American invited to write for this series and Frederick Douglass was the first African American biography included. Chesnutt and Douglass were men who played important roles in the history of African-Americans and the history of our country. Although Chesnutt was not an eminent American in the Beacon Series, he could have qualified for inclusion because of his pioneering role in American fiction and his consistent efforts to agitate the American conscience regarding discrimination against blacks. In fact, during the year 1899, he wrote Frederick Douglass, Chesnutt published Two works with Houghton Mifflin, Boston: The Conjure Woman and The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories. The two books were the first works by an African American to be published by a major publishing house. As a result of these Publications, Chesnutt recognized in American literary history as the first African American author to receive high critical acclaim. These works were Followed by the novels: One House Behind The Cedars, The Marrow of Tradition, and The Colonel’s Dream. Through his public speeches and his polemical writings, Chesnutt fought consistently for the Civil Rights of African Americans. He was a strong voice against the disfranchisement of African Americans, the showing of racist movies such as â€Å"The Birth of The Nation† and the publication of books denigrating African Americans. In 1928 Chesnutt, the teacher, the lawyer, the businessman, and the writer, was awarded the NAACP Spingarn award for contribution to creative literature and Civil Rights. Hence, Chesnutt’s biography of Doug... Free Essays on Charles Chestnutt Free Essays on Charles Chestnutt â€Å"Without struggle, there is no progress†. In 1899, Charles Chesnutt was commissioned by Small Maynard and Company to write a biography of Frederick Douglass to be included in the famous Beacon Series. The Beacon Biographies contained volumes on eminent Americans such as Ralph Waldo Emerson. Chesnutt was the first African American invited to write for this series and Frederick Douglass was the first African American biography included. Chesnutt and Douglass were men who played important roles in the history of African-Americans and the history of our country. Although Chesnutt was not an eminent American in the Beacon Series, he could have qualified for inclusion because of his pioneering role in American fiction and his consistent efforts to agitate the American conscience regarding discrimination against blacks. In fact, during the year 1899, he wrote Frederick Douglass, Chesnutt published Two works with Houghton Mifflin, Boston: The Conjure Woman and The Wife of His Youth and Other Stories. The two books were the first works by an African American to be published by a major publishing house. As a result of these Publications, Chesnutt recognized in American literary history as the first African American author to receive high critical acclaim. These works were Followed by the novels: One House Behind The Cedars, The Marrow of Tradition, and The Colonel’s Dream. Through his public speeches and his polemical writings, Chesnutt fought consistently for the Civil Rights of African Americans. He was a strong voice against the disfranchisement of African Americans, the showing of racist movies such as â€Å"The Birth of The Nation† and the publication of books denigrating African Americans. In 1928 Chesnutt, the teacher, the lawyer, the businessman, and the writer, was awarded the NAACP Spingarn award for contribution to creative literature and Civil Rights. Hence, Chesnutt’s biography of Doug...

Education Patient with Written Information to Reduce Anxiety and Dissertation

Education Patient with Written Information to Reduce Anxiety and Better Compliance in Undergoing Cadiac Catheterization - Dissertation Example __________________ for their unwavering guidance and direction throughout the course of this dissertation planning, preparing and drafting. The points needed to mention in the acknowledgements as below. I would also like to thank and acknowledge the support of the staff of ____________ Education (U.K.) administrative office. A special thanks and appreciation goes out to my family members, classmates and colleagues for their sincere support and encouragement without which I could not have completed this dissertation. I also want to thank everyone who helped me in anyway whatsoever. Abstract Aims This research study is a critical appraisal of the effectiveness of educational information intervention on patient anxiety in preparing for cardiac catheterization. Methods This is a critical literature review. The critical literature review is conducted using a framework for conducting a critical appraisal of quantitative research as recommended by Coughlan, et. al.,(2007). The critical appr aisal is also conducted using a framework for conducting a critical appraisal of qualitative research as recommended by Ryan, et. al.,(2007). Six journal articles were selected based on the study’s inclusion and exclusion criteria. ... Specifically, this study finds that patient education prior to undergoing cardiac catheterization significantly decreases fear, uncertainty and distress among patients anticipating the experience of undergoing cardiac catheterization. In turn, patients are more willing to comply with pre-cardiac catheterization and post-catheterization instructions. The combined effect of compliance and reduced anxiety helps patients make a more fruitful and time efficient recovery. Discussion Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed. The weaknesses and strengths of the research and the underlying research studies critically appraised are revealed. The study makes recommendations informed by the results and the analysis of the results. This study is important because it can contribute to existing knowledge by identifying the current status of the knowledge relative to the reduction of patient anxiety over undergoing cardiac catheterization via education and what areas may require further research for improving on the current knowledge base. Moreover, by identifying the current status of knowledge relative to reducing patient anxiety via education for improving the effectiveness of cardiac catheterization, nursing practices can be informed by the benefits of using education as a method of managing patient anxiety. Conclusion Essentially, this research report identifies and explains how this research can inform research and practice relative to the reduction of patient anxiety in anticipation of cardiac catheterization. This study concludes that the reduction of anxiety and psychological distress prior to undergoing cardiac

Discuss and explore the evolution of the vampire in the Research Paper

Discuss and explore the evolution of the vampire in the litearature,film,and popular culture - Research Paper Example Through it all, the vampires in vampire lore, and Edward in Twilight reflect societal consciousness, while assisting society in accepting that sometimes that which might seem evil is not really. The vampire is emblematic of all of these feelings of desperation, torture and loss, as well as being a symbol of destructive power and abstract horror, that invades our imaginations and sensibilities. As a symbol of desperation, however, the vampire perhaps has more in common with the desperate French nobility during the time of the French Revolution, such as the Princesse de Monaco, a noblewoman of the house of Choiseul-Stainville who died at the guillotine in 1794 (Loomis, 333). This is because the vampire is often the epitome of nobility, and â€Å"well-groomed horror,† and is often portrayed as wealthy (Abbott, 52). That said, the essence of the vampire is often desperation, even if the image is not of nobility. Part of their desperation comes from their status as being outsiders in society, an alien other. This causes the vampires to be stunted in their growth, as they cannot grow spiritually, in character or in relationships (Auerbach, 112). They have pathos because of their misrecognised identities, as they are innocent, but their innocence is hidden by their bodies, who are the very essence of evil. The modern vampires of the twentieth century, states Beck (94), as the allure to modern audiences because of their sense of pathos about what they are and the fact that they are painfully aware of their outsider status. Yet they also are a mirror for the desperations that human beings feel as well. Therefore, their desperation is felt not only by themselves, but also performs the function if reflecting mankind's own desperation. For instance, Bradshaw (2), tells of a psychologist who, upon reflecting upon a human patient who destroyed the helpless for profit and created a hellish home for the aged remarked about a vampire was not her first predator that she h ad known, but, rather, was just more honest and direct about it. In other words, the vampire is reflecting the desperation, or, in this case, the degradation of the human, and the vampire thus serves this purpose. The vampire also should not really be considered to be an outsider because he is so much like the human, only better, as he does not try to hide who he is, where a human might. Butler (1735) concurs. She states that the vampire is an embodiment of the monster within us, and serves the purpose in showing that human monsters are not so bad once you get to know them, while also allowing us to feel powerful as the monster himself. For Butler, the vampire is the embodiment of evil, yet, with their trappings of wealth, they make the evil somewhat appealing and with positive aspects. The vampire also is portrayed as a tortured being, much like the prisoners were tortured in the Bastille during the French Revolution. The torture sometimes takes the form of actual physical torture, such as the scene in Return of the Vampire (1943), in which the vampire is dragged into the sunlight and staked, leaving behind a rotting corpse(Gordon and Hollinger, 58). In Horror of Dracula in 1958, the death of Dracula by sunlight â€Å"is presented as a painful attack upon the victim's body...burning the vampire's skin to ash.† (Gordon and Hollinger, 101). The victims of the vampires are also tortured beings, such as the victims in George Romero's Martin. These victims have their wrists slit with razor blades, as the

Theory Synthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Theory Synthesis - Essay Example For instance, in this paper, we focus on the postulation that there exists a gap in practice theories where nurses show partiality in the manner they treat outpatients as compared to the manner of treating the patients who are admitted. Introduction The study in the theoretical structures that govern nursing practices reveal that nurses care for patients holistically (patients as well as their family members) more when they are admitted than when they are on the outpatient setting. Therefore, there is the need to breech the gap in the holistic care of outpatients in order to restore effectiveness and efficiencies in the nursing profession. All patients, regardless of being admitted or treated under outpatient settings rely on the nursing services as advanced by the nursing practitioners. The nursing profession on the other hand has been shown to rely on the theoretical frameworks in order to actualize the effective delivery of caring services to patients. Therefore, nursing theories complement the nursing practice in servicing patients. From the previous literature review, a gap is established between the nursing practice and theory and this forms the basis of this paper. Synthesize the knowledge gained in the area you studied during this course The study of the interrelationship between theoretical and practical aspects in the nursing profession has revealed a lot of incites which form the basis of this paper. Among other features noted, nursing is purely a scientific discipline whose success wholly depends on the proper adoption and application of scientific theories (Swanson, 1991; Risjord, nd ). Scientific theories are frameworks that have been in application over decades in explaining scientific phenomena and are testable and universally accepted. Nursing as a profession is therefore based on scientific research and hence runs under the guidance of such defined theoretical frameworks. However, research studies have been used to reveal that there exists som e gap between the existing theories and the actual practice by the nursing professionals. In often times, the inpatients enjoy higher attention and improved care by the nurses as compared to the patients receiving care in the outpatient department. This gap shows that there is inadequacy in the existing theories to guide the nursing professionals in attending to needs of patients; both at the customized care set up within hospitals inpatient programs as well as at the outpatient departments. We therefore note that there is great need to breach the gap existing between practice and the nursing theories. Our particular attention will be on breaching this gap by proposing and evaluating the provisions of a theory that addresses a patient as an entity, the family and community from which the patient hails as well as the nurse as most critical component in the recovery process. Though there lacks particular theories to address the disparity between nursing practices towards inpatients as and outpatients, there are some theoretical formulations which holistically empowers nurses to play a critical role in recovery process of patients; both admitted and the outpatients. Propose a component of a theoretical framework that addresses a gap following the theory development procedure you learned It is worth noting that the formulation of theories

Mental health nursing exam

Mental health nursing exam Phil Maude and Alistair Ross Question 1. (6 marks) Search for the Victorian MH Act on the web and define the following terms 1.1. Approved Mental Health Service The Mental Health Act (1986) defined an approved mental health service as a service or premises which either proclaimed to be an approved mental health service under section 94 or declared to be one under section 94A as a place where treatment can be provided to patients under the Act. For example, the psychiatric in-patient units of public hospitals are typically proclaimed as approved mental health services. 1.2. Community Treatment Order Community treatment order (CTO) is an order made by an authorised psychiatrist for a person having mental illness and under involuntary treatment order while not detained in an approved mental health services. However, this order does not affect patients in approved mental health services or a prisoner having mental illness (Mental Health Act, 1986). 1.3. Community Visitor The Mental Health Act of 1986 stated that community visitors of each region are whom appointed by councils governor under recommendation directly from the minister. 1.4. Involuntary Patient Mental Health Act (1986) specified a patient being subject to an involuntary, community or hospital transfer treatment order as an involuntary patient. This particular patient is also influenced by some conditions under section 12 and section 93 of the Act. 1.5. Mental Illness Mental illness refers to a person who is medically and mentally ill with significant disturbance of thought, perception, cognition, mood or memory (Mental Health Act, 1986). 1.6 Mental Health Review Board Mental Health Review Board is the Board established under theMental Health Act to conduct reviews of, and hear appeals by, involuntarily treated psychiatric patients either as inpatients or on community treatment orders (Mental Health At, 1986). Question 2. (5 marks) Using your reading of the Victorian MH Act explain the involuntary admission process for a person who is suspected to have a mental illness. Ensure you mention the correct forms that will be required The involuntary admission process for a person suspected having a mental illness is detailed with the following steps: Admission and detention for an involuntary patient can only occur in a public funded approved psychiatric hospital. This patient may be admitted or detained according to the Mental Health Act only if he or she presents or appears with psychological illness and need immediate treatment that can be achieved by admission to and detention in an approved mental health service. Additionally, in order to improve or prevent a deterioration in physical or medical conditions of that patient and protect the public members, the patient may be admitted to an approved mental health service to receive adequate and appropriate treatment rather than stay in less restrictive of that persons freedom and action. The person needs to be referred to a registered medical practitioner by himself or herself, family, relatives, health professional officers, police personnel or others related to the referral. Medical practitioner satisfies that person meets the criteria for involuntary treatment which is under section 8(1) of the Mental Health Act 1986. Otherwise, he will either provide the service or refer the examined patient to other mental health or health services. A request form must be completed by the person, who is over the ages of 18 years, making request for the admission and a recommendation signed by registered medical practitioner following patients examination made not more than three days prior to the admission of that patient. The request and recommendation cannot be signed by the same person making the recommendation. Consequently, the patient who is subject to an involuntary treatment order is taken to an approved mental health service by police officers, ambulance, any person authorised by the person making the request or arrangement admission made by that approved mental health services. At the approved mental health service, the registered medical practitioner who is employed by this health service or mental health practitioner must make an involuntary treatment order under section 12AA(2) and necessarily detain patient for his or her own safety according to section 12AA(4) of the Victorian Mental Health Act 1986. The registered medical practitioner can possibly release the person from detention to await examination by the authorised psychiatric if they suspected the criteria in section 8(1) of the Act and consulted with the authorised psychiatric involving section 12AA(5). Then, authorised psychiatrist will examine the person as soon as after the registrar making the involuntary treatment order or within 24 hours following the order to confirm the involuntary admission (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). If the consultant is whether satisfied with the criteria under section 8(1) or not, he or she will either discharge the person from the order or confirm the involu ntary treatment order. In addition, the authorised psychiatrist confirm the involuntary treatment order under subsection 2(b), the CTO can be placed on the person under section 14 (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). Question 3. (5 marks) Thinking about the forms and roles and responsibilities of people who may be associated with an involuntary admission of a person under the MH Act, what roles could the following people have and what forms would they be able to complete 3.1. Carer of a family member who has a mental illness The Mental Health Act (1986) suggested that a carer has the authority to make a request to a registered medical practitioner for admitting an involuntary patient. He or she has the responsibility to take or authorizes any person, for example a community nurse, either taking the person to an approved mental health service or arranging for one to admit the person. The carer is able to complete the â€Å"Request for Person to Receive Involuntary Treatment from an Approved Mental Health Service† form under schedule 1prespribed by the Mental Health Regulations 1998 to the registered medical practitioner employed by an approved mental health service or a mental health practitioner. 3.2. Community Mental Health Nurse In case of the registered medical practitioner is unavailable for a reasonable period of time for making the recommendation, the person may be taken to an approved mental health service for examination after being assessed by an mental health nurse who must complete an â€Å"Authority to transport without recommendation† form under schedule 3 of the Mental Health Regulations 1998 (Mental Health Act, 1986). 3.3. General Practitioner The general practitioner has the responsibility to make a recommendation in a prescribe form which is â€Å"Recommendation for a person to receive involuntary treatment form a approved mental health services† form following a the persons examination (Mental health Act, 1986, s. 9) (Victoria Government, 2009) 3.4. Registrar Registrar who is a medical practitioner employed by an approved mental health service is responsible for assessing the person according to the request and recommendation. He or she has to make the involuntary treatment order under section 12AA(2) and detain patient for safetry issue according to section 12AA(4) of the Victorian Mental Health Act 1986. The registrar may release that person to await for the psychiatrists examination if they suspect the criteria in section 8(1) of the Act applying to the person and consulted with the authorised psychiatrist involving section 12AA(5) (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12). The registrar has the authority o complete the following forms: Schedule 4 Form 1 Restraint for the purposes of safely transporting a person to an approved mental health service† Schedule 4 Form 2 Sedation for the purposes of safely transporting a person to an approved mental health service Schedule 6 Involuntary treatment order. (Victoria Government, 2009, Schedules section) 3.5. Consultant A consultant means a authorised psychiatrist who should examine the person as soon as after the registrar making the involuntary treatment order or within 24 hours following the order to confirm the involuntary admission (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). If the consultant is whether satisfied with the criteria under section 8(1) or not, he or she will either discharge the person from the order or confirm the involuntary treatment order. In addition, the authorised psychiatrist confirm the involuntary treatment order under subsection 2(b), the CTO can be placed on the person under section 14 (Mental Health Act, 1986, s. 12AC). Under the power of the Mental Health Act 1986 section 12AD, the authorised psychiatrist may give written consent on behalf of the involuntary patient if this patient refuses to necessary treatment or unable to consent to the treatment for his or her mental disorders. The authorised psychiatrist has the authority o complete the following forms: MHA1 Examination of involuntary patient by authorised psychiatrist MHA3 Examination of security / involuntary / forensic patient by authorised psychiatrist MHA4 Treatment plan MHA6 Community treatment order MHA16 Discharge from involuntary patient status. (Victoria Government, 2009, Mental Health Act Forms section). Question 4. (4 marks) Once a person has been received under the MH Act under what circumstances can an emergency registrar administer sedation? If the emergency registrar believe that it is essential to sedate the person in order to take him or her to the approved mental health service safely. The emergency registrar is also able to direct an authorised person to administer sedative medications to the patient. In addition, they must specify the particulars required by the prescribed form and deal with this form according to the regulations (Mental Health Act, 1986, s.10). Question 5. (2 marks) A patient must be seen by a Psychiatrist to confirm admission as an involuntary patient. Once a patient is received what time frame must be observed for the Psychiatric review? The authorised psychiatrist should examine the patient as soon as the involuntary treatment order is made by a medical practitioner employed by the approved mental health service or within 24 hours following the order (Mental Health Act, 1986, s.12AC). Therefore, the patient should be observed in that time frame until he or she being seen by the authorised psychiatrist. Question 6. (4 marks) (section 15 ) If a person is discharged from the inpatient unit on a Community Treatment Order, what restrictions can be placed on the patient? If the authorised psychiatrist considers that it is appropriate and for the good and wellness of patient, the psychiatrist can discharge him or her from the approved mental health service on CTO. The person who had the community treatment order upon is influenced during the duration of the order which is not over 12 months. The person has to stay where it is specified by the order for the treatment. The order sets out the term that a person must accept therapy and medication, conselling, management, rehabilitation and other related health services while living in the coummity. The person is provided compulsory care authorised by the CTO. In case of the person breaches the CTO by not complying with the conditions, the person may be taken to a mental health service and given appropriate treatment and care (New South Wales Government, 2007, what is a community treatment order (CTO)? section). Question 7. (4 marks) How often must a Community Treatment Order be reviewed and what is the maximum length of time a Community Treatment Order can be imposed? At least once a month, the supervising psychiatrist or a medical practitioner such as general practitioner will visit you to decide whether the order should continue or not. If the psychiatrist, at the end of three months period, can extend the order for another three months (Government of Western Australia, 2005, what will happen while I am on the order? section). A CTO can be made for period of up to 12 months and ends on the date stated on the order and if no date is stated, it will expire 12 months after the order was made (New South Wales Government, 2007, when does a CTO come to an end?). Question 8. (5 marks) What is a Special Warrant and what powers does this provide? Special Warrant apply where a member of the police force or any other person has reasonable ground to believe a person who appears mentally ill is unable to care for him or herself due to mental illness. In this case, â€Å"the member of police force or that other person may give information oath to a magistrate† (Mental Health Act, 1986, 11, para. 5) and seek a special warrant. Under section 12 of The Mental Act (1986), a police forces member who accompanied by a registered medical practitioner is authorised and directed by the magistrate in the form of a special warrant in the prescribed form to visit and examine the person. Additionally, police personnel who act under special warrant with assistance as required have authority to legally enter any premise and use such force as necessary so that the registered medical practitioner can examine that person (Mental Heal Act, 1986, 12). Question 9. (5 marks) (No need to cite references for these answers) True or False 9.1. A patient can be detained in a Private Psychiatric Hospital bed as an involuntary patient False. A patient who is under involuntary treatment order can only be detained in a public funded approved psychiatric hospital. 9.2. The Victorian Mental Health Act makes provision for voluntary patients False. Admission of voluntary patients has been deleted by the amendment of 1995. As a result, they are treated as other voluntary patients and need consent to all treatments provided. 9.3. Any patients can be given Electro Convulsive Therapy against their consent. False.Written consent needed from the patients to perform electro convulsive therapy. 9.4. Any one who commits violent acts in the Emergency Room can be restrained True. A person doing harm to him or herself ,patients, staffs other surrounding people in the emergency room will be restrained for safety issue. 9.5. An involuntary patient who refuses required surgical treatment can have this imposed upon them by the Psychiatrist False. For major medical or surgical procedures, the psychiatrist needs consent from the Guardian and Administration Board. 9.6. Lobotomy is legal in Victoria. True. In Australia, psychosurgery is performed by a select group of neurosurgeons. In Victoria, each individual operation must receive the consent of a Review Board before it may proceed. 9.7. Patients who have difficulty with budgeting can have their accounts taken over by the Guardianship board False. The Guardianship board appoint another person who is managing patients account. 9.8. Patients can not be kept in seclusion for more than 15 minutes False. For the purpose of safety and treatment, the patient can be restrained until he or she settle down. 9.9. The Psychiatrist must send a report of all seclusion that has occurred within a 12 month period to the Chief Psychiatrists Office. False.The psychiatrist has to send a report each month. 9.10. Electroconvulsive therapy is to a course of not more than 6 treatments given over a period with not more than 7 days elapsing between any 2 treatments True. It is what described in electroconvulsive therapy. Question 10. (10 marks) List 10 of the reasons why a person is not to be considered to have a mental illness and write a brief paragraph explaining why this is for each of these 10 reasons As stated in the Victorian Mental Health Act 1986 under section 8(2), a person is not considered to have mental illness due to the following reasons: â€Å"The person expresses or refuses or fails to express a particular political opinion or belief† (Section 8(2)). In Victoria, the law inhibits discrimination against people because of their actual or assumed political beliefs. (Victorian Equal Opportunity Human Rights Commission, 2007, para. 1) â€Å"The person expresses or refuses or fails to express a particular religious opinion or belief† (Section 8(2)). Freedom of religion and belief is a basic human rights which is protected by a number of international treaties and declarations that include article 18(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (Australian Human Rights Comission, What is the freedom of religion and belief? section, para. 1) â€Å"The person expresses or refuses or fails to express a particular sexual reference or sexual orientation† (Section 8(2)). In 1973, because the influence of empirical data and changes in social norms along with the development of a political active gay community in the United States, the Board of Directors of the American Psychiatric Association removed homosexuality form the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM). The empirical evidence and professionals norm do not support that homosexuality is a form of mental illness. (Gregory, 2009, Removal from the DSM section, para. 1) â€Å"The person engages in or refuses or fails to engage in a particular political activity† (Section 8(2)). Political activity refer to a whether a person participate or refuse to take part in a lawful political activity (Victorian Equal Opportunity Human Rights Commission, 2007, What does ‘political beliefs and activities mean? section, para. 1). â€Å"The person engages in or refuses or fails to engage in a particular religious activity† (Section 8(2)). In a major research of Cruz et al. (2010), in the United States, many people use activity as a form of coping with life stresses. Over half of American population ranked the religions importance very high in their lives, attent religious activities regularly and pray daily. â€Å"The person engages in immoral conduct† (Section 8(2)). As an example, incest is defined as any sexuality between closely related people usually within an immediate family, which is either illegal or social taboo (Incest, 2009, Definition section, para. 1) â€Å"The person engages in illegal conduct† (Section 8(2)). Criminality is â€Å"specifically not a medical or psychiatric term, diagnosis, illness, or syndrome. The term refers to a pattern of human behavior or a specific act violating a law† (Menaster, 2008, introduction section, para. 1). â€Å"The person is intellectual disable† (Section 8(2)). Intellectual disability is a developmental disorder which affect almost one per cent of the population, where people have significantly more difficulty than others in understanding concepts and solving problems. It is not a mental illness (Government of South Australia, p.1) â€Å"The person takes drugs or alcohol† (Section 8(2)). Alcohol usually refers to drinks such as beer, wine, or spirits containing ethyl alcohol a substance that can cause drunkenness and changes in consciousness, mood, and emotions. Its effects lead to so many accidents, injuries, diseases, and disruptions in the family life of everyday Australians (Australia Government, para. 1). However, alcohol abuse should be consider mental illness. â€Å"The person has an antisocial personality† (Section 8(2)). The person expresses anti-social behaviour includes abusive or noisy neighbors, littering and graffiti (Directgov, para. 1) Question 11. (10 marks) An involuntary patient is found dead in a seclusion room by you? What is a reportable death and what are the responsibilities of the registered nurse? Coroners Act (2008) defined reportable death is a particular category of death which is investigated by a coroner according to the Act and it is considered reportable if it meets one the following criteria: The body, the death or the cause of death of the person is founded in Victoria. The person ordinarily stayed in Victoria when death occurs with unnatural, unexpected and resulted from a direct or indirect injury or accident. The death happen during or after following a medical procedure and this was not expected by the registered medical practitioner before the procedures operation. The identity of the death person is not known. The medical practitioner himself or herself has not signed or not likely to sign a death certificate. Death occurred outsite Victoria and the cause is not certified. The death of a person influenced under the Mental Health Act 1986 or under controlled, cared or custody of the Secretary to the Deparment of Justice or a member of the police force. Death of person who is subject to non-custodial supervision order under section 26 of the Crimes (Mental Impairment and unfitness to be Tried) Act 1997 (Coroners Act, 2008). In the context of a patient found is death in a seclusion room, registered nurses division 1 or division 3 (Division 2 nurses are excluded) can ‘verify death since the law do not inhibit them for taking this role. ‘Verify death means competently undertake a clinical assessment of the death body to establish death has occurred (Victoria Government, 2009, p. 1). As guideline in Victoria Government (2004), the dead body should be disturbed as little as possible and the nurse is to inform the authorised psychiatrist and next of kin or carer of the death. The States Coroners Office is mean to be contacted for all reportable deaths occurred under the Coroner Act 1985. After copying the clinical record, the registered nurse is able to send the original or any other materials requested to the Coroner. The nursing staffs involved should provide appropriate and adequate support and debriefing to people affected by the death such as family, friends, staffs and those who have witnessed the death (Victoria Government, 2004, procedure to be followed in the event of a reportable death, para. 5). In case of patient died because of violence or suicide, chef psychiatrist needs to be notified on the day of the death and staff involve in the death should conduct a clinical review of the persons treatment and management (Victoria Government, 2004, procedure to be followed in the event of a reportable death, para. 6-9). Question 12. (10 marks) List the Axis contained within the DSM-IV (TR) and provide details of the focus of each including an example of a diagnosis that might be found on each of the Axis. Axis I Clinical Disorders Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of clinical Attention American Psychiatric Association (APA) of 2000 stated that Axis I focus on all the conditions and various disorders included in the Classification except for mental retardation and personality disorders. An example of this is schizophrenia. Axis II Personality Disorders Mental Retardation In a study by APA (2000), Axis II reports personality disorders and mental health retardation and also used for noting prominent maladaptive personality features and defense mechanisms. Personality disorders and mental retardation are listed in separated axis to ensure consider given to the presence of these two that might otherwise be overlooked when attention is directed to the more usual axis. For instance, borderline personality disorder is included in axis II. Axis III General Medical Conditions This one describes general current medical conditions which are potentially related to the understanding or management of individuals mental disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Axis IV Psychological and Environmental Problems In a major study (APA, 2000), Axis IV is identified for reporting psychosocial and environmental problems that are likely to affect the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of mental disorders classified within Axis I and Axis II. A psychosocial and environmental problem is possibly a negative life event, a familiar or other interpersonal stress, lack or inadequate of social assistance pr personal resources or other problem related to the context where a persons difficulties have developed. In addition, psychosocial is possibly developed as a result of a persons psychopathology or may constitute problems that are considered in the overall management plan (APA, 2010). For instance, problems with primary support group. Axis V Global Assessment of Functioning APA (2010) suggested that Axis V is used for reporting the clinicians judgment regarding a persons overall function level. This is helpful for planning treatment and measuring its impacts, also predicting the outcomes. The Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Scale is used as an appropriated choice in order to report the overall functioning of Axis V. In a research by APA (2010), this scale is rated respectably among psychological, social, occupational functioning and is not applied to impairment in functioning because of physical or environmental limitations. For example, GAF = 12 indicate some dangers of hurting self or others (e.g. frequently violent.) or occasional fails to maintain personal hygiene (e.g. smear faeces.) or gross impairment in communication (e.g. largely incoherent or mute) (APA, 2010). Question 13. (30 marks) Search the world wide web for Hildergaurd Peplau and do a search for her publication. Write at least 4 pages about her life, her theoretical frameworks, her publications and her major contributions to Mental Health Nursing. Life Hildergaurd Peplau was born in Reading, Pennsylvania , and in the year of 1909. She is the second child and middle daughter of immigrant parents who are an authoritarian father and a dedicated but emotionally remote mother preserving in a difficult marriage with the comfort of music and religion, and more acceptable in her time and place by immersing herself in baking and meticulous home making (Callaway, 2002). During childhood, Peplau was a child with intellectual curiosity, but stifled and physically abused by her domineering mother. The occur of World War I made her family even more difficult along with persecution form their neighbous due to their German immigrant roots †¦Cite. Her chosen nursing career had little to do with the idea of providing care for sick people. In Reading, she had worked as a bookkeeper, store clerk and payroll clerk while finishing courses at a business school and graduating as class valedictorian in 1928. Hildergard Peplau herself did not work in hospital or as private-nursing duty after successfully completing her nursing training. On the other hand, she found and a job as a staff nurse at Vermonts new elite but progressively to Bennington College. Callaway (2002) stated that because of her great impressive work, the college president decided to suspend admission requirement and admit Peplau for a degree course major in psychology. During World War II, Peplau enlisted into the U.S Army Nurse Corps and was posted to a psychiatric hospital in England with the purpose of treating scarred the soldiers and those with battle-fatigue sent back from the front lines (Callaway, 2002). She was always at the center of conflict and usually endured great personal hardship. She earned the nursing diploma, baccalaureate, masters and doctoral degrees and ultimately rose to the top of her profession. Unfortunate y, she was disappointed by the lack of vision among co-workers and repeatedly betrayed by professional friends and sabotaged by the nursing leaders. Consequently, she decided to retired in 1974 from the faculty Rudgers University and sadden that all her years effort had seemingly come to naught. During the 25 years between the retirement from Rudgers University and her death in 1999, â€Å"She was awarded no less than nine honorary doctorates and was honored by the American Nurses Association with the establishment of the Peplau Hildegard Award, recognizing continuous contribution to the nursing profession† (Callaway, 2002, p. 2). In addition, she received both the nursing highest honors that are the Christiane Reimann Prize and the only nurse so recognised within â€Å"Fifty Great Americans† designated by Marquis Whos Who in 1997. Within her lifetime, she also earned the celebrity of being acknowledged by the American Academy of Nursing as a â€Å"Living Legend and an unofficial designation recognised by the University of California at Los Angeles as â€Å"Psychiatric Nurse of the Century†. However, her lifes story is not well known in nursing professional. Hildegard Peplaus professional life included: 6 years of general and private-duty nursing, 7 years as a student and the nurse in charge at the health service at Bennington College, 3 years in the Army Nurse Corps, 5 years at Teachers College of Columbia University, 1 year as a practicing therapist, 20 years as a professor at Rudgers University, and 1 year as Execituve Director and 2 years as President of the American Nurses Association the only person ever to serve in both positions. (Callaway, 2004, p. 6) Theoretical Frameworks Peplau had shown her theoretical framework for psychodynamic nursing in a manuscripts entitled Interpersonal Relations in Nursing which is published in 1952. It defined elements that are person, environment, health and nursing, and discussed about phases of the interpersonal process between nurse and patient. She also revealed variety in nurses role during the course of contact (Landry, 2009). In a recent studies of Alice Landry (2009), phases of the interpersonal process according to Peplaus theory consist of four sequential phase that are orientation, identification, exploitation, and resolution. There are related factors influence the orientation component of the experience such as personal values, cultures, beliefs, expectations and past related incidents. Role of nurses as described theatrically by Peplau are stranger, teacher, resourse person, counselor, surrogate and leader. Secondary roles play included technical expert, mediatoe, safety agent, researcher, tutor, and manager of environment. Publicati